DIESEL FUEL (GAS OIL)

Diesel fuel is produced from various sources, the most common being petroleum. Other sources include biomass, animal fat, biogas, natural gas, and coal liquefaction.

Petroleum diesel, also called petrodiesel is the most common type of diesel fuel. It is produced from the fractional distillation of crude oil between 200 °C (392 °F) and 350 °C (662 °F) at atmospheric pressure, resulting in a mixture of carbon chains that typically contain between 8 and 21 carbon atoms per molecule.

The important properties which are used to characterize diesel fuel include cetane number (or cetane index), fuel volatility, density, viscosity, cold behavior, and sulfur content. Diesel fuel specifications differ for various fuel grades and in different countries.

The principal measure of diesel fuel quality is its cetane number. A cetane number is a measure of the delay of ignition of a diesel fuel. A higher cetane number indicates that the fuel ignites more readily when sprayed into hot compressed air.  European (EN 590 standard) road diesel has a minimum cetane number of 51. Diesel fuel is more efficient than gasoline because it contains 10% more energy per gallon than gasoline. But there are a few kinds of diesel fuel: Standard diesel fuel (sometimes called diesel oil) comes in two grades: Diesel #1 (or 1-D) and Diesel #2 (or 2-D). The higher the cetane number, the more volatile the fuel. Most diesel vehicles use fuel with a rating of 40 to 55.

ISO has a standard for D2 Diesel Gasoil that most oil companies used as a reference. … Historically, the sulfur content in diesel fuels for highway and nonroad vehicles was limited to 0.5% (wt.) by ASTM specifications. D2 Diesel Fuel is available with various levels of sulfur content, ranging from 10 ppm to 10000 ppm.

Bitumen

Bitumen INFILTRATION GRADES

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VG BITUMENS

In the classification based on the viscosity of bitumens according to the amount of absolute viscosity at 60 ° C or kinematic viscosity at 135 ° C, classification and specific technical criteria have been determined for each of them. Absolute viscosity is expressed in terms of pouza and kinematic viscosity is expressed in terms of centi-stokes. Classification and specifications of pure bitumen are reported in AASHTO – M226 and ASTM – D3381 standards.

Table 1-2: Technical specifications of pure bitumen in terms of viscosity at 60 ° C according to AASHTO-M226.

(1) If the tension at 25 ° C is less than 100 cm, it is acceptable provided that the tension at 15.6 ° C with a tension speed of 5 cm / min is at least 100 cm.

Table 1-3: Technical specifications of pure bitumen in terms of viscosity at 60 ° C according to AASHTO-M226

(!) Ashto 240 T (bitumen thin layer test) may be used, but Ashto 240 T should be used as a comparative method.

(2) Bitumen tensile less than 100, the material will remain. If the tensile strength of 15.6 oC bitumen is at least 100.

Table 1-4: Technical specifications of pure bitumens in terms of viscosity at 60 ° C according to ASTM-D3381.

(1) If the tension at 25 ° C is less than 100 cm, it is acceptable provided that the tension at 15.6 ° C with a tension speed of 5 cm / min is at least 100 cm.

Table 1-5: Technical specifications of pure bitumen in terms of viscosity at 60 ° C according to ASTM-D3381.

(1) If the tension at 25 ° C is less than 100 cm, it is acceptable provided that the tension at 15.6 ° C with a tension speed of 5 cm / min is at least 100 cm.

Table 1-6: Technical specifications of pure bitumens in terms of viscosity at 60 ° C according to ASTM-D3381

(1) A thin layer of bitumen may be used in the test. But bitumen thin layer testing should be used as a comparative method.

(2) It is acceptable if the tension at 25 ° C is less than 100 cm. Provided that the tension at 15.6 ° C with a tension speed of 5 cm / min is at least 100 cm.

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